Winter care is really about restraint. Amphibians often spend the coldest months dormant in mud at the pond bottom, so the pond is best left undisturbed rather than cleared out or heavily managed during read this blog article from phantom.everburninglight.org period. If the surface freezes over, gently melting a small area with warm water is a gentler approach than breaking the ice directly above where they may be sheltering.

Birds need consistent feeding through frosty spells, when natural food sources are hardest to find and energy demands are highest. Keeping feeders topped up, and providing water that is not frozen over, matters more in a hard frost than at almost any other point in the year; a small area gently melted with warm water is a better approach than breaking ice by force.

Fresh water for drinking and bathing rounds out a decent set-up. Gardeners building out their feeding station for the first time typically start with a good spread of bird feeders to cover the different food types birds look for.

Feeding is straightforward but worth getting right. Meaty cat or dog food, or a specialist hedgehog food, is a better choice than bread and milk, which can cause digestive upset. A shallow dish of fresh water left out overnight is just as useful as food, particularly during dry spells in summer.

Easy access matters most. A shallow, gently sloping edge lets amphibians move in and out of the water without difficulty, while steep, hard-edged ponds can be surprisingly difficult for them to use. Nearby damp, shady spots, a log pile or a compost heap close to the pond, give them somewhere to shelter and hibernate once they leave the water for the colder months.

For gardeners wanting an alternative to chemical sprays, a soil-applied option is worth considering as a first step, and a good starting point is a range of slug nematodes for gardens suited to the pest in question.